Photovoltaic Array Under Conditions of Dynamic Environmental Changes Using Fractional-Order Extremum Seeking Control

Photovoltaic (PV) technology has become an important solution to cope with the growing energy demand due to its renewable and environmentally friendly properties. However, the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of PV systems under complex conditions is challenged by varying characteristics and steady state oscillations. In this paper, an approach based on fractional-order extremum seeking controll (FOESC) is proposed. By constructing a photovoltaic mathematical model, this paper analyzes the effects of temperature and illumination variations on the PV characteristics, and designs the FOESC to reduce the steady-state oscillations and enhance the dynamic response. Simulation results show that compared to integer-order extremum seeking control (IOESC), FOESC exhibits higher tracking accuracy, faster convergence speed, and lower steady-state error in complex environments, demonstrating a wide range of practical application potential.