Empirical Model for Evaluating Internal Carotid Artery and Common Carotid Artery Stenosis Using an Ultrasound Doppler Transducer for Cardiovascular Disease Detection

This study presents an empirically physical-based model to analyze carotid artery hemodynamics in the common carotid artery (CCA) and internal carotid artery (ICA) under varying degrees of stenosis, utilizing the implemented ultrasonic transceiver. The ICA model integrates essential parameters, resistance ( ${R}_{\text {stenosis}},{R}_{\text {distal}}$ ), inertia ( ${L}_{\text {sys inertia}}$ , ${L}_{\text {recoil}}\text {)}$ , and compliance recovery ( ${C}_{\text {stenosis}},{C}_{\text {distal}}\text {)}$ , to characterize blood flow acceleration, while the common carotid model utilizes the resistance ( ${R}_{\text {blood}}, {R}_{\mathrm {distal\_{1}}}\text {)}$ , inertia ( ${L}_{\text {sys cca}},{L}_{\mathrm {recoil\_{1}}}\text {)}$ , and compliance ( ${C}_{\mathrm {distal\_{1}}}\text {)}$ to quantify peak systolic velocity (PSV) responses. The proposed ultrasound transceiver was validated using the Doppler string phantom (model CIRS-043A). Experimental results derived from the proposed empirical model of ICA and CCA using the implemented ultrasonic transceiver closely aligned with theoretical PSV values: 0.84 m/s (ideal: 0.81 m/s) for normal carotid arteries and 2.00 m/s (ideal: 1.83 m/s) for stenotic arteries. The proposed model demonstrated consistent agreement with clinical PSV data across stenosis levels from 5% to 95%. In addition, COMSOL-based simulations for moderate (60%) and severe (80%) stenosis validated the model’s capability to accurately predict hemodynamic characteristics in the prestenotic, narrowest, and poststenotic regions. Measured results demonstrate that the proposed model in the implemented transceiver predicts carotid artery stenosis (CAS) and exhibits a physical basis validated by COMSOL Multiphysics.