Design and Analysis of a Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Inset Fed Technique for Detection of Different pH Levels of Water

This study presents a microstrip patch antenna design by applying an inset-fed technique at a cutoff frequency of 2.4 GHz to evaluate the water properties of various pH levels of pure water (6.5 to 9.0) in which the antenna performance parameters like return loss, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), electric and magnetic fields, and efficiency, etc. have sufficient variation for change in various pH levels of water. For the design of the antenna, FR-4 is used as a dielectric substrate having a permittivity of 4.3, where copper material has been used for designing the ground and patch. To evaluate the effectiveness of the antenna, a water model has been made. An optimum return loss of -20.566 dB and VSWR of 1.206 was obtained at a resonant frequency of 2.41 GHz and pH level of 6.9. These results show that the proposed antenna can be used for the detection of various pH levels of pure water with high precision for various changes in antenna performance parameters.