Efficient Constraining of Transcoding in DNA-Based Image Storage

DNA has emerged as a promising alternative for long-term data storage due to its high capacity, durability, and low-energy potential. However, storing data in DNA presents several challenges. First, it requires complex and costly biochemical processes, making efficient compression crucial to reducing DNA synthesis time and cost. Second, these processes are prone to errors that must be avoided and/or corrected. In particular, homopolymers (repetitions of the same nucleotide) are a well-known source of errors during the sequencing step. Avoiding such repetitions helps mitigate errors but introduces a constraint that may increase the data compression rate. In this paper, we propose two transcoding methods that address these two key challenges: reducing data rate and minimizing errors. The first method strictly enforces the error-minimization constraint by eliminating homopolymers of a certain length, at the cost of an increased data rate. In contrast, the second method accepts a slight increase in homopolymers. However, we show that these increases remain limited (2.14% increase in compression rate for the first method and 0.39% homopolymer rate for the second). These two approaches demonstrate that it is possible to efficiently constrain transcoding while balancing error minimization and compression performance.