Flexible Printed Circuit Board-Based Nonenzymatic Lactate Sensor for in-Situ Monitoring in Fluid Dynamic Environments

This letter introduces a novel approach to scalable lactate sensing by adapting a nonenzymatic sensor for mass production on an industrial flexible printed circuit board. The sensor achieves a sensitivity of 55.8 nA/mM/mm² and a detection limit of 0.16 mM while maintaining stable performance at a fluid flow rate of 500 cm³/min, marking a first in demonstrating such capabilities under dynamic conditions. Beyond this threshold, sensitivity increases, necessitating further calibration for precise measurements. This research presents a scalable, robust, and adaptable lactic acid sensing platform, offering significant potential for advanced medical monitoring applications via its integration of multifunctional sensing capabilities.