Vertical Handover Analysis Based on Cell Sojourn Distance: A Probabilistic Approach Inspired by Bertrand’s Paradox

The recent surge in traffic demand has accelerated the development of heterogeneous highdensity networks. Consequently, the number of base stations has increased, leading to a rise in the frequency of vertical handovers between heterogeneous base stations, which results in delays and increased power wastage. Earlier studies analyzed the number of vertical handovers in such networks. However, previous studies have primarily focused on analyzing the frequency of vertical handovers, without addressing the distribution of sojourn time or utilizing it in the handover decision process. This paper analyzes vertical handover with direct consideration of the short cell sojourn time distribution as derived from stochastic geometry. Additionally, by referencing Bertrand's paradox, we define and simulate randomness in three different scenarios to validate our findings.