Transforming Supply Chains with Blockchain: A Pathway to Achieving SDG 12

The blockchain transforms supply chain management toward achieving Sustainable Development Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production. The efficiency of a supply chain has improved, but there are still problems related to transparency, traceability, and sustainability. The hypothesis of this paper is that through blockchain implementation, the problems established can be mitigated considerably because it is a decentralized, immutable ledger system. Exploring the consequence of blockchain integration on sustainability outcomes through mixed methods, including a systematic literature review, case studies of early blockchain adopters, and quantitative analysis of supply chain performance metrics. Our research shows that supply chains that use blockchain have much better traceability (37%), less waste (22% less), and higher stakeholder trust (41% higher). However, problems like high start-up costs and regulatory uncertainty still exist. We conclude that blockchain holds considerable promise in advancing SDG 12, but its effective implementation requires a collaborative ecosystem approach involving policymakers, industry leaders, and technology providers. This paper contributes to the emerging body of literature on sustainable supply chain management and provides practical insights for organizations pursuing blockchain deployment for enhanced sustainability performance.