Wearable Biomedical Sensors for Continuous Monitoring of Chronic Disease Progression

Chronic illnesses like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders require constant surveillance to improve healthcare outcomes and facilitate timely medical intervention. Wearable biomedical sensors (WBS) integrated with the Internet of Things (IoT) allow for the continuous, real-time, non-invasive measurement of physiological parameters through technologies such as photoplethysmography (PPG), electrocardiography (ECG), electromyography (EMG), continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), and wearable electrochemical sensors. This research examines sensor methodologies for chronic disease monitoring, emphasising signal acquisition, preprocessing, and data transmission via Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and Near Field Communication (NFC). Remote monitoring of patients, coupled with early detection of disease progression, is possible by combining these wearables with cloud and smartphone applications. Diabetes, hypertension, and Parkinson’s disease are selected as case studies to illustrate the usefulness of wearable sensors in personalised medicine. Although limitations include calibration, data variability, and energy consumption, these technologies provide real-time, continuous health monitoring, making chronic disease management increasingly effective.