Reality and Virtuality Interaction: A Digital Twin Earch for Global Environment Surveillance Using Spaceborne GNSS-R Measurements

Remote sensing technology plays a key role in monitoring Earth’s dynamics, while GNSS-R technology, with its high precision and extensive coverage, serves as a highly valuable tool in this domain. Digital twin technology creates realistic digital environments for interpreting and analyzing GNSS-R measurements. We develop a spaceborne GNSS-R digital twin system capable of reproducing real-world signal models and retrieving the Earth’s surface remote sensing observations using artificial intelligence. Our findings demonstrate that digital twin technology provides precise and reliable support for remote sensing data processing, analysis, and decision-making, with accurate predictions of soil moisture, wind speed, and sea surface height (RMSE: $0.05 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}$, 1.82 m/s, and 1.79 m, respectively). The digital twin system’s design is crucial for scientific research and real-world applications, advancing earth science, resource management, and disaster monitoring.