Comparative Analysis of Lithium, Sodium, and Zinc Batteries for Power Grid Applications

This paper compares the performance of lithium-ion, sodium-ion, and zinc-ion batteries for grid-scale energy storage applications. Key parameters such as energy density, cycle life, efficiency, cost, safety, and environmental impact are evaluated to determine the most suitable batteries for various grid applications. Simulated charge-discharge profiles at 0.1C, 0.5C, 1C, and 2C rates reveal that lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries offer superior voltage stability and higher energy density across all C-rates. In addition, pulse discharge tests with 10 pulses at 2A current, each lasting 8 minutes and followed by 1-hour rest periods, are applied to assess dynamic voltage response and recovery behavior. Results indicate that Li-ion batteries are ideal for short-duration, high-power applications, while sodium-ion (Na-ion) and zinc-ion (Zn-ion) batteries, despite having lower energy densities, provide cost advantages and greater environmental sustainability. Although Li-ion excels in performance, it is associated with higher costs and environmental concerns. Na-ion provides a balance between performance and cost-effectiveness for medium-duration needs. Zn-ion demonstrates excellent safety, recyclability, and suitability for long-duration storage. Overall, this analysis highlights that while Li-ion is preferred for fast-response grid applications, Zn-ion and Na-ion batteries are promising for large-scale, long-duration energy storage, especially where cost, safety, and environmental impact are primary concerns.