Building Forest Inventories With Autonomous Legged Robots—System, Lessons, and Challenges Ahead

Legged robots are increasingly being adopted in industries such as oil, gas, mining, nuclear, and agriculture. However, new challenges exist when moving into natural, less-structured environments, such as forestry applications. This article presents a prototype system for autonomous, undercanopy forest inventory with legged platforms. Motivated by the robustness and mobility of modern legged robots, we introduce a system architecture, which enabled a quadruped platform to autonomously navigate and map forest plots. Our solution involves a complete navigation stack for state estimation, mission planning, and tree detection and trait estimation. We report the performance of the system from trials executed over one and a half years in forests in three European countries. Our results with the ANYmal robot demonstrate that we can survey plots up to 1-ha plot under 30 m while also identifying trees with typical diameter at breast height (DBH) accuracy of 2 cm. The findings of this project are presented as five lessons and challenges. In particular, we discuss the maturity of hardware development, state estimation limitations, open problems in forest navigation, future avenues for robotic forest inventory, and more general challenges to assess autonomous systems. By sharing these lessons and challenges, we offer insight and new directions for future research on legged robots, navigation systems, and applications in natural environments. Additional videos can be found in https://dynamic.robots.ox.ac.uk/projects/legged-robots