Gaussian Function for Predictive Modeling of Resonance Characteristics in Miniaturized HMSIW Antennas

The challenges in designing HMSIW (Half-Mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide) antennas include structural characteristics and limitations in propagation modes, which make impedance matching difficult to adjust flexibly. In the design process, the structure height significantly affects the resonant frequency, making tuning difficult. To address these problems, this paper introduces a Gaussian function model that can predict the impact of different parameters on the primary resonance, thereby reducing the time required during the design process. The model is validated using a slotted wideband high- gain miniaturized HMSIW antenna as a prototype. This antenna offers the advantage of high-pass filtering capability, producing wideband multi-resonant characteristics in the high-frequency range. Additionally, the open slots improve impedance matching, enhancing overall performance. The antenna is designed based on [1] with dimensions of 64.9 × 4.03 x 0.81 mm³, operates within a frequency range of 26.5−29.5 GHz, with an approximate gain of 10 dBi and a bandwidth of 11%. Experimental results show that changes in substrate thickness and feed position align with the simulated frequency variations predicted by the model. This confirms the accuracy and practicality of the Gaussian function model.