An Improved Lion Swarm Optimization Algorithm Based on 2-opt for Solving Small-Scale CVRP

To address small-scale Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP), this paper proposes an improved lion swarm optimization algorithm based on 2-opt. Building on the framework of the basic lion swarm algorithm, the proposed algorithm introduces the following three improvements: (1) A dynamic perturbation factor for adaptive search is introduced to dynamically adjust the search scope, enhancing global search capability and local search precision; (2) The position update strategies for lions, lionesses, and cubs are redefined to improve algorithm performance through more efficient predation behavior simulation; (3) The 2-opt algorithm is integrated as a local optimization operator to address the issues of long search times and the tendency to fall into local optima, constructing a hybrid optimization framework. Simulations on standard benchmark instances demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves superior performance in terms of solution quality and convergence efficiency, providing an efficient and robust new method for optimizing small-scale CVRP.