Simulation of Subsurface Physical Temperatures in Lunar Craters Using Solar Irradiance, Infrared and Microwave Data

Accurate simulation of subsurface physical temperatures in lunar south polar craters is essential for thermal environment analysis in landing site selection. In this study, we developed an improved method for simulating large-scale subsurface temperature by integrating multisource datasets, including lunar reconnaissance orbiter (LRO) DEM, LRO diviner infrared brightness temperature (TB), and Chang’E-2 microwave TB. The proposed method accounts for differences in heat sources between nonpermanently shaded regions (non-PSRs) and permanently shaded regions (PSRs) craters, applying effective solar irradiance with terrain effect for non-PSR craters, and calibrated infrared TB with emissivity effect for PSR craters. Additionally, we incorporated key model parameters, including an annual model period and updated thermal conductivity, into a 1-D heat transfer model. This method was applied to simulate subsurface temperatures (0–2 m depth) in lunar south polar craters, validated by the microwave radiative transfer model and observed microwave TB data. The simulation results indicate that temperatures near the lunar south polar are generally lower than those in the 80°S–85°S latitude range. These temperature profiles can be applied to quantitatively estimate the detection depths of heat flow and buried water ice. Furthermore, the model period considering seasonality shows a stronger impact on temperature simulations than other model parameters—altering temperatures by 20–40 K in non-PSR and by 20–30 K in PSR. Our method and findings provide valuable insights for future scientific exploration of the lunar south pole region and contribute to a better understanding of subsurface thermal evolution.