Review of Advanced Control Strategies for Isolated DC–DC Converters in DC Microgrids

Direct current (DC) microgrids have emerged as a promising solution for achieving resilient, efficient, and sustainable power distribution across diverse applications. Advanced control strategies are crucial to ensure reliable operation, effective energy management, and effective integration of renewable energy sources. This paper comprehensively reviews the latest developments in control techniques in DC microgrids, emphasizing their theoretical foundations, real-world applications, and performance assessments. The review covers a wide range of sophisticated control methodologies, including backstepping control, model predictive control (MPC), passivity-based control (PBC), and sliding mode control (SMC). Each approach is analyzed in detail, highlighting its underlying principles, advantages, limitations, and specific applications in DC microgrid systems. To further illustrate the practical relevance of these strategies, case studies and real-world examples are presented, demonstrating their efficacy in various operational scenarios. Additionally, the paper addresses key research challenges and identifies opportunities for future advancements in DC microgrid control strategies. This review aims to provide valuable insights for researchers and practitioners involved in the design, optimization, and operation of DC microgrids, contributing to the advancement of sustainable energy technologies in modern power systems.