A Review on the Application of Model-Based Systems Engineering in the Development of Safe Circular Systems

The increasing complexity of modern technical systems, coupled with the growing demand for sustainability and safety, necessitates innovative approaches in system development. Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) has emerged as a powerful methodology to support the development process of such complex systems. This paper presents a systematic literature review that explores the role of MBSE in the development of sustainable and safe systems. The study classifies existing design supports by analyzing their role in the development process across three key areas: sustainability, safety risk, and knowledge management. The findings reveal current challenges, such as fragmented lifecycle data, limited automation in safety analysis, and difficulties in reusing expert knowledge, while also identifying research opportunities for AI-driven methods, digital twin utilization, and enhanced interoperability between MBSE and lifecycle management tools. By consolidating the class supported activities and their interactions, this paper provides insights into how MBSE can facilitate circularity in system development and highlights directions for future research.