Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna using Advanced Materials: A Study

Reconfigurable antennas are essential in modern wireless communication, dynamically adjusting frequency, radiation pattern, and polarization. This paper reviews frequency reconfigurable antennas using advanced materials like graphene, liquid crystals, and metamaterials. Graphene enables wideband tunability and miniaturization for Terahertz (THz) applications, while liquid crystals offer dielectric anisotropy for dynamic reconfiguration and beam steering in adaptive networks. Metamaterials enhance bandwidth, radiation efficiency, and multi-band functionality. These materials significantly improve antenna performance, minimizing the need for multiple fixed-frequency antennas. Further, this review explores various design methodologies of antenna stated earlier, and its applications in 5G, 6G, and satellite communications, aiding next-generation wireless technology development.