Efficient Cross-Chain Interoperability: Decentralized Execution and State Sharding Approach

Blockchain technology underpins the value internet, yet the isolation of blockchain systems creates “data and value islands,” limiting interoperability. To address this challenge, we propose a scalable and secure cross-chain framework that eliminates reliance on relay chains and enhances performance through decentralized execution and state sharding. Each business blockchain operates as an autonomous node, collaboratively maintaining a virtual cross-chain transaction blockchain. Our framework achieves significant improvements: when state operations are executed on-chain, the framework (with a block size of 2) delivers 66% and 149% higher transactions/s compared to TCIP and BitXhub, respectively, with 20% lower latency. Furthermore, off-chain execution (with a block size of 2) boosts maximum transactions/s by 63% and reduces latency by 36%. The introduction of state sharding enhances parallel transaction execution (with a block size of 128 and a number of sharding nodes of 16), achieving an additional 108% performance improvement. This work demonstrates a novel approach to cross-chain interoperability, offering a secure, efficient, and scalable solution for complex blockchain ecosystems.