Tutorial: Basics of Equalization Techniques: Channels, Equalization, and Circuits

This tutorial presents basic equalization techniques for high-speed serial interfaces. A simple channel transfer function model will be discussed to explain various channel behaviors. Basic transmitter and receiver equalization techniques such as feed-forward equalization (FFE), continuous-time linear equalization (CTLE), and decision-feedback equalization (DFE) will be covered. Modulation techniques such as non-return-to-zero (NRZ), duo-binary, and pulse-amplitude modulation 4 (PAM-4) will be discussed. Various implementations and design challenges of equalization circuits will be discussed and compared. Various methods of equalization adaptation algorithms will be covered.