Resilient Decentralized Frequency Regulation for Multi-Area Power Systems With Electric Vehicles Under Hybrid Cyber-Attacks

This paper proposes a resilient output-feedback frequency regulation mechanism for multi-area power systems, ensuring secure and stable operation. Firstly, the uncertainties introduced by state-of-charge (SOC) variations are considered for the addressed system involved electric vehicle (EV). Subsequently, the behavior of hybrid replay-DoS attacks is taken into account, where a non-homogeneous Markov jump framework is employed to capture both stochastic transitions and temporal dependencies of attack behaviors, and a decentrilized resilient controller is designed to mitigate these adverse effects. To facilitate controller synthesis, a refined model of the lossless power network is further developed by equivalently transforming tie-line power deviations in specific areas, ensuring compliance with tie-line power constraints while preserving system controllability. Based on this model, a comprehensive analysis of system dynamics is performed, and a set of delay-dependent, computationally tractable criteria is derived for controller gain selection. Finally, extensive simulations on three-area power systems validate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in maintaining frequency stability, mitigating SOC uncertainties, and counteracting hybrid replay-DoS attacks.