1 CURRENCIES

From the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries up to the present day, Indigenous Peoples have often challenged, appropriated, and contorted capitalism and settler colonialism.1 Within the current digital transition, these modes of resistance take shape in many innovations, including currencies and methods of governance. Indigenous Peoples have steadily transformed communication methods that store memories, transmit notions of trust, and create opportunities for reciprocity and obligation—all of which are essential for effective currencies. And yet the stories of Indigenous Peoples continue to be written out of the histories of the newest wave of digital currencies and payment systems, at best included as nostalgic anecdotes or squashed into the footnotes.