Multi-Partner Project: LoLiPoP-IoT – Design and Simulation of Energy-Efficient Devices for the Internet of Things

This paper presents an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT) device design and simulation, with a specific focus on low-power design principles - everything in the context of the LoLiPoP-IoT project. The project aims to enhance IoT device usability by reducing maintenance requirements related to battery recharging or replacement. Another key goal is to significantly decrease the massive waste generated by discarded primary batteries, contributing to more sustainable and user-friendly IoT solutions for the future. The primary focus of this paper is on a custom IoT localization tag, for which we simulate solar cells - ranging from basic modeling to their integration into electrical circuits - and the power consumption of the tag's electronics platform. The analyzed sample platform is built on the nRF52833 microcontroller and the DW3110 ultra-wideband transceiver. We also applied our experimental framework principles to optimize power consumption and extend battery life. Reductions in photovoltaic panel area were achieved for both devices with a 5-year lifespan and fully autonomous tags, though with increased localization latency. Furthermore, this paper demonstrates how IoT devices, including their firmware, can be effectively modeled and simulated using publicly available tools.