Robust Cooperative Operation of Community Microgrids With Electric Vehicle Battery Charging Stations and Swapping Stations

The coordination of electric vehicle battery charging stations (BCSs), battery swapping stations (BSSs), and residential buildings (RBs) within a community microgrid (CM) presents a significant opportunity to enhance system flexibility and reduce operational costs. However, the randomness of user behaviors and the intermittency of renewable energy pose threats to the stability of the CMs. This article investigates the robust cooperative operation of CMs with BCSs and BSSs, allowing for energy sharing. First, a robust energy management framework utilizing cooperative game theory is developed among a BCS, a BSS, and a set of RBs within a CM, achieving proactive energy sharing and fair distribution of benefits. Then, an alternating direction method of multipliers algorithm combined with robust optimization is designed to address the energy management problem in a distributed manner, ensuring the protection of private data and enhancing system robustness. Finally, numerical examples verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method. In comparison with the noncooperative benchmark, the proposed method achieves a reduction in operational costs of 5.69%, 9.1%, and 8.48% for the BCS, BSS, and RBs, respectively.