A Federated Framework for Air Quality Prediction With Predefined Graph and Adaptive Graph

Air quality prediction utilizes IoT technologies to collect data centrally for model training, which may cause regulatory risks, privacy concerns, and high costs of integrating data. Meanwhile, distributed training through federated learning relies on the predefined graph structure generated by the geographic locations of air monitoring stations, which fails to capture the potential spatial relationships between air monitoring stations. In addition, the inherent multiperiod attribute of air quality data makes time series changes extremely complex. To this end, this article proposes a federated framework for air quality prediction with predefined graph and adaptive graph (FedPAG). Specifically, the client encodes the air quality data and meteorological data provided by the Internet of Things (IoT) system using the multiperiod interaction and encoder modules to capture the proximity and periodicity features of the time series data. Next, the server combines the hidden states uploaded by the clients with predefined graph and adaptive graph, respectively and forms node embeddings to capture the spatial features among the clients. Then, the client concatenates the hidden states with node embeddings to fuse the spatial information and feeds them into the decoder to obtain the final predicted values. Finally, we conduct experiments on the Beijing and Shijiazhuang datasets to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.