Real-time inertia estimation via ARMAX model representation and synchrophasor measurements

This paper introduces the real-time implementation with the actual hardware architecture environment (HAE) of an online estimation method that tracks the equivalent time-varying inertia in power systems. The proposed method enables automated and accurate inertia estimation, exploiting the ARMAX model representation and the Teager-Kaiser energy operator (TKEO) disturbance time detector. The effectiveness and high accuracy of the proposed framework are successfully validated in laboratory conditions with actual synchronised measurements from Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) over a real-time emulated New England 39-bus system. The estimate is achieved with a relative error ranging from 0.1% to 7%, even under noisy conditions and atypical measurement values. The literature reviewed does not report any estimation method that is more accurate than the one proposed in this work.