Converged Address Resolution Protocol for Traceability and Visibility in Cyber–Physical Internet

The proposed address resolution protocol (CPI-ARP) is designed for the cyber-physical Internet (CPI) environment, integrating physical and digital logistics networks. By extending traditional ARP mechanisms, CPI-ARP addresses the practical requirement for coordinated asset tracking and state awareness of vehicles and physical shipment units (PSUs) within global logistics systems. The protocol enables coordinated interaction between digital and physical operations by linking logical network addresses (PIP) with physical addresses (PMAC) and physical locations. Key challenges related to synchronizing network and physical address systems, including scalability, mobility, and real-time data synchronization, are addressed in this protocol. Performance evaluations through simulation experiments under various network conditions demonstrate CPI-ARP’s ability to reduce latency, improve packet delivery, and support logistics system responsiveness in intracity and cross-border contexts. These findings pave the way for further development and standardization of CPI networks, contributing to the optimization of global logistics operations.