Sustainable, Battery-Free Wireless Sensor Node with LoRaWAN Connectivity in ABP and OTAA Activation Modes

In the Internet of Things (IoT) era, the demand for sustainable and autonomous wireless sensor nodes has surged, driven by the need for efficient environmental monitoring and management. This paper presents the design and implementation of a sustainable, energy-autonomous, and battery-free wireless sensor node leveraging LoRaWAN connectivity. The proposed node operates seamlessly in Activation By Personalization (ABP) and Over-The-Air Activation (OTAA) modes, ensuring robust and flexible network integration. Powered by energy harvesting techniques, specifically solar cells, the sensor node eliminates dependency on traditional batteries, enhancing sustainability and reducing maintenance costs. Comprehensive experimental evaluations demonstrate the node's capability to maintain reliable communication and data transmission over long distances while effectively managing energy resources.