A Heat Transfer-Based Framework for Constructing Spatiotemporal Continuous Distribution of Lunar Microwave Emission

The Chang’e-2 (CE-2) microwave radiometer (MRM) brightness temperature (TB) observations have significantly enhanced our understanding of lunar subsurface thermal features. While existing TB mapping approaches rely heavily on interpolation methods, this study proposes an advanced framework that combines heat conduction with multilayer microwave radiative transfer to generate continuous TB distributions over 24 h. The proposed approach incorporates key lunar thermophysical parameters to ensure the physical consistency in TB simulations. A spatiotemporal integration and validation scheme was also proposed to enhance data quality. Systematic biases between observed and modeled TB values were then addressed through a calibration approach using sine functions. The simulated TBs align well with the CE-2 MRM observations at both 19.35 and 37.0 GHz. The approach accurately captures global TB patterns while preserving local thermal signatures across diverse geologic units. Detailed analyses at CE landing sites further validate the model’s capability to capture fine-scale thermal variations. The improved spatiotemporal coverage and accuracy of these TB maps provide valuable insights into lunar thermal and geological processes.