MASSFormer: Mobility-Aware Spectrum Sensing Using Transformer-Driven Tiered Structure

In this paper, we develop a novel mobility-aware transformer-driven tiered structure (MASSFormer) based cooperative spectrum sensing method that effectively models the spatio-temporal dynamics of user movements. Unlike existing methods, our method considers a dynamic scenario involving mobile primary users (PUs) and secondary users (SUs) and addresses the complexities introduced by user mobility. The transformer architecture utilizes an attention mechanism, allowing the proposed method to model the temporal dynamics of user mobility by effectively capturing long-range dependencies. The proposed method first computes tokens from the sequence of covariance matrices (CMs) for each SU. It processes them in parallel using the SU-transformer to learn the spatio-temporal features at SU-level. Subsequently, the collaborative transformer learns the group-level PU state from all SU-level feature representations. The main goal of predicting the PU states at each SU-level and group-level is to improve detection performance even more. The proposed method is tested under imperfect reporting channel scenarios to show robustness. The efficacy of our method is validated with simulation results that demonstrate its higher performance compared to existing methods in terms of detection probability $P_{d}$ , sensing error, and classification accuracy (CA).