A Review of the Most Recent Developments in Sodium-ion Batteries

The global battery industry is experiencing significant growth, and this growth is predicted to continue and accelerate in the future. The cost of lithium (Li) and cobalt (Co) resources is rising as a result of growing applications and demand. Therefore, the abundance of sodium (Na) resources and their global distribution drive us to research Na-ion (Na⁺) batteries for immobile energy storage systems. The advancements of Na⁺-batteries are reported in this paper, primarily presenting earlier and current studies in contrast to those of Li-ion (Li⁺) battery energy storage systems. Despite the increasing global use of Li⁺-battery systems, academic research has largely overlooked Na⁺-battery technologies. This study explores and details the most promising applications for Na⁺-stationary battery systems. The approach consists of two steps. First, it involves a comprehensive review of existing literature focusing on the applications, profitability, and use cases. Second, the study provides an in-depth analysis of these use cases, emphasizing the key factors driving their adoption, the sources of value they offer, and the associated risks.