A Survey of Advanced Algorithms and Experimental Approaches for Kidney Abnormality Detection in Ultrasound Imaging

Kidney abnormalities, such as cysts, tumors, and stones, are critical health concerns requiring early and precise detection. This study reviews advanced algorithms and experimental approaches for kidney abnormality detection in ultrasound imaging, emphasizing deep learning (DL) methodologies and explainable AI (XAI) techniques. Contributions include exploring CNN-based segmentation frameworks like SDFNet and U-Net, multi-scale feature fusion, and transfer learning to enhance diagnostic accuracy. Data augmentation and adversarial training are employed to address dataset bias, while Grad-CAM and CAManim provide interpretability, fostering clinician trust. Results demonstrate significant improvements in diagnostic performance, with sensitivity and specificity exceeding 95% and Dice coefficients surpassing 95% on diverse clinical datasets. The findings highlight the transformative potential of DL to automate kidney abnormality detection, reducing dependency on operator expertise while improving accuracy and efficiency. Challenges such as dataset scarcity and computational complexity persist, but future research on multimodal imaging, CNN optimization, and emerging technologies like quantum machine learning presents promising opportunities. This study serves as a guide for advancing diagnostic tools, paving the way for next-generation solutions in clinical applications.