A Comprehensive Review on the Advancement in Footwear Technology and the Effects on Running Performance

The evolution of running footwear has been significantly influenced by advancements in biomechanics, materials science, and performance optimization, reflecting a shift towards evidence-based personalization and sustainability in design. This manuscript explores the biomechanical principles that underlie modern footwear technologies, emphasizing their impact on running economy, injury prevention, and performance. Recent innovations, such as Advanced Footwear Technology (AFT) featuring proprietary foam materials and carbon fiber plates, have demonstrated substantial improvements in running economy and performance, particularly among elite runners. However, the biomechanical effects of these technologies, including alterations in foot strike patterns and joint loading, present complex trade-offs that necessitate a nuanced understanding of individualized needs. This review highlights the ongoing challenges and opportunities in the field of running footwear design, advocating for a multidisciplinary approach that integrates biomechanics, material science, and real-world data to enhance both performance and injury prevention in runners.