Time of Flight Transmission Mode Ultrasound Computed Tomography With Expected Gradient and Boundary Optimization

Objective: Quantitative time of flight in transmission mode ultrasound computed tomography (TFTM USCT) is a promising, cost-effective, and non-invasive modality, particularly suited for functional imaging. However, TFTM USCT encounters resolution challenges due to path information concentration in specific medium regions and uncertainty in transducer positioning. This study proposes a method to enhance resolution and robustness, focusing on low-frequency TFTM USCT for pulmonary imaging. Methods: The proposed technique improves the orientation of steepest descent algorithm steps, preventing resolution degradation due to path information concentration, while allowing for a posteriori sensor positioning retrieval. Total variation regularization is employed to stabilize the inverse problem, and a modified Barzilai-Borwein method determined the step size in the steepest descent algorithm. The proposed method was validated through simulations of data on healthy and abnormal cross-sections of a human chest using MATLAB's k-Wave toolbox. Additionally, experimental data were collected using a Verasonics Vantage 64 low-frequency system and a ballistic gel torso-mimicking phantom to assess robustness under a more realistic environment, closer to that of a clinical situation. Results: The results showed that the proposed method significantly improved image quality and successfully retrieved sensor locations from imprecise positioning. Significance: This study is the first to address transducer location uncertainty on a transducer belt in TFTM USCT and to apply an estimated gradient approach. Additionally, low-frequency USCT for lung imaging is quite novel, and this work addresses practical questions that will be important for translational development.