Non-Invasive Sensor for Hyperglycemia Detection and Monitoring

This study presents a novel octagonal-slotted defective ground structure (DGS) patch antenna for noninvasive monitoring of elevated blood glucose (hyperglycemia). The antenna operates at a resonant frequency of 2.4 GHz within the ISM band and features an innovative octagonal slot forming the DGS, resulting in a wide impedance bandwidth from 1.4 $\mathbf{G H z}$ to 2.9 GHz, with a measured $S_{11}$ of $\mathbf{- 1 6 ~ d B}$ and a gain of $3.77 \mathbf{~ d B i}$ at $2.8 \mathbf{~ G H z}$. This antenna is specifically engineered for application on various body parts, including the foot, thumb, and arm, facilitating effective glucose measurement. Simulation and experiments show the antenna can detect blood glucose levels (BGL) between 200 and $500 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{dl}$. Notably, the S11 amplitude variation observed is approximately 11 dB across this glucose range when applied to the human leg, arm, and thumb. These promising results indicate high accuracy in readings, underscoring the potential of this technology for continuous blood glucose monitoring systems. Furthermore, the strong impedance matching between the microwave sensor and the human body enhances the efficacy of glucose detection. This work shows promise for advancing non-invasive blood glucose monitoring and managing hyperglycemia.