Editorial Special Section on Emerging Edge AI for Human-in-the-Loop Cyber Physical Systems

Edge Artificial Intelligence (AI) enables us to deploy distributed AI models, optimize computational and energy resources, minimize communication demands, and, most importantly, meet privacy requirements for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Since data remains on the end-devices and only model parameters are shared with the server, it becomes possible to leverage the vast amount of data collected from smartphones and IoT devices without compromising the user's privacy. However, Federated Learning (FL) solutions also have well-known limitations. In particular, as systems that account for human behaviour become increasingly vital, future technologies need to become attuned to human behaviours. Indeed, we are already witnessing unparalleled advancements in technology that empower our tools and devices with intelligence, sensory abilities, and communication features. At the same time, continued advances in the miniaturization of computational capabilities can enable us to go far beyond the simple tagging and identification, towards integrating computational resources directly into these objects, thus making our tools “intelligent”. Yet, there is limited scientific work that considers humans as an integral part of these IoT-powered cyber-physical systems.