Assessing the Potential Impact of Microwave Sounders on Typhoon Prediction Using OSSEs: A Comparative Study Between LEO Constellation and GEO Satellites

Microwave sounders aboard small satellite constellations in low Earth orbit (LEO) and geostationary orbit (GEO) satellites represent two promising approaches to improve the temporal resolution of microwave atmospheric observations. A observing system simulation experiment (OSSE) is an effective means to assess the potential contribution of future observations to numerical weather prediction (NWP). Using the established GEO microwave OSSE framework and nature run (NR) data from the CMA-MESO model, this study aims to compare the OSSE results of microwave sounders on a LEO constellation (LEO-C) and a GEO satellite against those derived from the current LEO microwave observations. The cross-comparative analysis reveals that the assimilation of microwave observations from the LEO-C and the GEO satellite into the CMA-GFS model significantly improves typhoon track prediction compared with current LEO microwave observations.