Dimensional-Based Methods for Topological Management in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: A Comprehensive Survey

Most topology control algorithms consider a 2-D plane in terrestrial Wireless Sensor Networks. However, this is not the case in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSN). Due to the underwater current, the node’s positions constantly flux. It is a significant challenge to satisfy the deployment of nodes precisely underwater for reliable communication. A three-dimensional (3-D) network is created by deploying the sensors in water at different levels of depth. This article presents a comprehensive review of node deployment strategies based on topological management. There are two ways to deploy the nodes in an underwater environment either a dense or sparse network. The last six years of extensive research are summarized in tabular form. There are distinct limitations when nodes are deployed as sparse and dense networks. The fundamental concepts used in sparse and dense network solutions are elaborated for user readability. The topology control solutions are addressed through mathematical analysis in both cases. At last, the authors offer their perspective on the open challenges with some suggestions for future directions.