Multi-Objective Optimization of 3-D Cell Deployment in Sustainable B5G/6G Networks: Balancing Performance and Sustainability

In recent years, the exponential increase in mobile and Internet of Things (IoT) data traffic has placed substantial demands on infrastructure for Internet Service Providers (ISPs). To meet these demands sustainably, it is critical to enhance energy efficiency, resource utilization, and cost-effectiveness while reducing the carbon footprint. Simply adding hardware is not a viable solution. This study introduces an innovative approach to 3D cellular deployment in sustainable B5G/6G networks, designed to optimize Quality of Service (QoS) for users and IoT devices. Although 5G/B5G utilizes millimeter waves for high data rate transmission, their limited coverage and susceptibility to interference from buildings pose unique deployment challenges. To address these, we formulate the 3D cellular deployment problem as a Multi-Objective Optimization (MOO) problem and propose an advanced deployment strategy using VA-NSGA-II, a metaheuristic-based algorithm. By factoring in building interference, Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), coverage, deployment cost, and a balance between performance and sustainability, VA-NSGA-II provides an optimal deployment solution. Simulation results demonstrate that VA-NSGA-II achieves effective deployment performance across various building materials, highlighting its adaptability and effectiveness in different environmental scenarios.