Cross-Correlation Enhancement with GNSS-Derived SPM-Delay Using Azimuth Angle Filtering Towards Dust and Sandstorm Detection in Japan

This letter proposes the application of the precise point positioning (PPP) technique used in the GNSS for detecting the dust and sandstorm (DSS) in the atmosphere. Many of the papers have reported that the GNSS-derived zenith total delay (ZTD) is affected to aerosols and sandstorms, however, directivity for arrival angles of sandstorms is not considered. Since the suspended particulate matter (SPM) including the yellow sand and PM2.5 usually comes from the west side from Japan, azimuthal angle filtering is introduced in the process of estimation of the ZTD. The enhancement in the cross-correlation between the proposed SPM-induced delay and measured time series of the ground SPM has shown.