Enhancing Grid Frequency Support by Integrating RTEM and P2P Energy Trading Models in Coordination With AGC System

Managing frequency security in renewable energy sources and inverter-dominated power systems has emerged as a pressing concern. Further, the decommissioning of synchronous units leads to a decreased availability of reserve capacity in the regulation market. This paper proposes a novel framework coordinating real-time energy market (RTEM) with a centralized automatic generation control (AGC) to enhance the grid dynamic performance in the presence of peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading at the distribution level. The RTEM is assumed to behave as a discrete AGC system dispatching every five minutes. To integrate P2P trading within the microgrid (MG) for frequency support, a consumer-prosumer contract participation matrix (CPCPM) is developed, wherein the components of the CPCPM represent contracted power among prosumers and consumers. The AGC system and the distributed energy resources-dominated MG are outfitted with fractional-order controllers to minimize area control error. The numerical studies showcase the superior capability of the proposed frequency regulation framework in the presence of communication delays and various system uncertainties. Further analysis indicates that the involvement of dynamic RTEM and P2P energy trading models, alongside the AGC system, can notably enhance the dynamic performance of the low inertia grid.