Frequency Synthesizers-A Survey of Techniques

A general survey is given of the different synthesizer techniques with emphasis on the application in communication equipment. After enumeration of the fundamental concepts of addition and multiplication, the different systems are examined and classified. This leads to the conclusion that for high requirements of spectral purity of the output signal, electronic tuning, solid-state design, and microminiaturization, the loop systems are very attractive. Some applications of synthesizers in HF communications are treated.