The Transformation of Normalization Standard of Smith Chart for Microwave Networks With Multiple Impedance Transmission Lines

The Smith chart is a graphical approach for solving impedance matching problems in the microwave circuit design, which provides visualized traces, but it is not applicable to address impedance discontinuities graphically, especially for multiple-impedance transmission lines (TLs) within microwave networks. In this letter, a novel transformation of normalization standard (TNS) method is proposed, which is applied to the Smith chart to solve the aforementioned problem. Then, TNS traces are derived and applied to the classical Smith chart, obtaining an improved Smith chart. In addition, the TNS idea is applied to the microwave circuit design examples. The proposed TNS method provides a convenient visualized way for the design of microwave circuits with multi-impedance TLs.