MFDPonzi: Detecting Ethereum Ponzi Schemes Using Static Features from Novel Opcode Sequences

Ethereum, the first blockchain platform to support smart contracts, has become a target for various cybercrimes, particularly financial frauds like Ponzi schemes. Ponzi schemes on Ethereum are known as Smart Ponzi Schemes (or Ponzi Contracts) and have caused huge financial losses. Current Ponzi contract detection models face three main challenges: simple opcode sequence processing does not effectively distinguish Ponzi from non-Ponzi contracts, single-feature-based models lack accuracy, and reliance on transaction records hinders early detection. To address these issues, this paper proposes a Multi-Feature Ponzi Scheme Detection Model (MFDPonzi). MFDPonzi tracks the changes in stack, memory, and storage parameters during the execution of smart contracts, reconstructing opcode sequences and extracting diverse features, including semantic and developer features. Finally, a multi-feature fusion algorithm is used to enhance model stability. Additionally, MFDPonzi can identify Ponzi contracts at the early stage of smart contract creation without relying on transaction data. Experimental results show that MFDPonzi achieves an 85.9% recall and an 88.7% F-score on Ethereum smart contracts, outperforming baselines in both performance and robustness.