Bi-Level Optimization Model for Virtual Power Plants with Dynamic Tariffs and Shared Energy Storage Considering Carbon Emissions

Given the current trends in energy development, ensuring the economic efficiency and low-carbon operation of multi-energy-coupled Virtual Power Plants (VPPs) while meeting load demands has become a critical issue. To address this, this paper proposes an optimized scheduling strategy for VPPs that incorporates shared energy storage, considering carbon-guided dynamic pricing. The bi-level optimization model is developed, with the upper level minimizing the operational costs of the multi-VPP system and the lower level maximizing the profits of the shared energy storage plant. The shared energy storage plant sets dynamic electricity prices based on the carbon emissions levels of each VPP, thereby influencing their charging and discharging behaviors. Finally, simulations are conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.