A Low-Cost Miniaturized Patch Antenna for GNSS Applications Using CMA and SISL Platform

A square patch antenna is analyzed by using characteristic mode analysis (CMA) software on a substrate-integrated suspended line (SISL) principle. Two modes with directive far-field patterns that resonated at the degenerate modes were obtained, and we optimized the antenna’s mode utilization, ensuring robust and efficient operation across GNSS frequency bands. CMA analysis shows the physical insight of the directivities of far-field patterns and current distributions by using four diagonal Y-shape slots. The use of the cost-effective FR4 material facilitates practical manufacturing without compromising performance. This design can apply to GSP L1, Beidou B1c, Galileo E1, and QZSS L1