A Passive 3D Beam-steering Gravitational Liquid Dielectric Resonator Antenna

In this paper, a three-dimensional (3D) passive beam-steering gravitational liquid dielectric resonator antenna with fixed radiation patterns to the ground plane is proposed by utilizing liquid fluidity and gravity. The slot mode and HEM113 mode of the liquid dielectric resonator are exploited to obtain a wide bandwidth. The movable liquid functions as a 3D director for both the slot and dielectric modes, due to the liquid fluidity driven by gravity, and due to the symmetry of the proposed structure. The proposed antenna is suitable for such as wall/ceiling-mounted base station applications.