Quantum Annealing for Electromagnetic Engineers—Part II: Examples of electromagnetic problems solved by quantum annealing

It is well known that electromagnetic computations are computationally demanding. Interestingly, many such problems can be recast to be solved by quantum annealing. Quantum annealing, a kind of quantum computer, utilizes quantum tunneling for state transitions, which enables one to find the global minimum in a complex energy landscape. Part I of this article explains quantum annealing for the classical electromagnetic community, assuming little knowledge of quantum theory. Both the basic principle and recent developments to extend its applications, such as hybrid quantum–classical annealing, are reviewed. Part II presents various examples of electromagnetic problems that can be solved by quantum annealing. Those are 1) optimization of a reconfigurable directional metasurface, 2) finding current distribution in an arbitrary wire antenna, 3) finding charge and field distributions in a static condition, and 4) optimization of source excitation to focus fields in hyperthermia. Finally, the performance of quantum annealer is compared with classical solvers to deduce the type of application in which a quantum annealer of current technologies can be preferred in practice.