Enhancing Power Conversion Efficiency in WO3-Based Perovskite Solar Cells Through Interface Defect Density Reduction

This study, aiming at optimizing critical parameters including open-circuit voltage (VOC), short-circuit current density (JSC), fill factor (FF), and power conversion efficiency (PCE), this work investigates the effect of interface defect densities (IDD1 & IDD2) on the photovoltaic performance of formamidinium-based perovskite solar cells (FA-PSCs) with structure Zn2P3/ (FA)2BiCuI6 /W03. Device efficiency was observed by varying interface defect levels between 10⁹ and 10^lsfcm². Reducing IDDs greatly increases Voc; it peaks at 1.150 V when both IDD1 and IDD2 fall between 10⁹ and 10¹⁰ /cm-, In a comparable line, low defect densities recorded the highest JSC of 26.48 mAfcm2; larger defect densities caused a consistent decrease in both VOC and JSC mostly owing to increased charge carrier recombination. Additionally suffering was the fill factor (FF), which peaked at low defect density at 87.44 % and dropped to 80.44% with higher defect levels. Reducing defect densities enabled one to achieve the greatest PCE of 26.12%, therefore highlighting the need of defect management for raising solar cell efficiency. Working with affordable and clean energy, this strategy increases material quality for maximum energy production, therefore allowing the development of more sustainable solar technology. Furthermore advancing greener, more reasonably priced energy for future generations would be aiding. Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure using perovskite solar cells as a scalable and sustainable energy source.