Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease Using Adaptive Neuro K-Means Clustering Technique

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss, behavioral changes, and impaired self-care, often preceded by Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Not all MCI cases progress to AD, creating a diagnostic challenge. This study proposes a novel framework for early AD diagnosis using T1-weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). The approach integrates the Adaptive Moving Self-Organizing Map (AMSOM), a neural network technique for unsupervised training and tissue segmentation, with K-means clustering and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for feature selection. AMSOM dynamically updates neuron weights to improve segmentation accuracy. Classification is performed using various algorithms, evaluated on sensitivity, accuracy, precision, and similarity metrics. Compared to existing techniques such as Fuzzy C-means (FCM) and hybrid Self-Organizing Mapping-K-means (SOM-FKM), the proposed method demonstrates statistically significant improvements in tissue segmentation and classification. It achieved a mean accuracy of 99.8%, reducing the Mean Squared Error (MSE) from 2.3 to 0.44 and improving the Discriminative Overlap Index (DOI) and Tissue Clarity (TC) values to 0.435105 and 0.282381, respectively. Implemented in MATLAB, this method provides a robust, efficient framework for early AD detection, surpassing existing approaches in precision and reliability.