Real-Time Ultrasound Imaging System Utilizing Patch-Type Ultrasound Probe for Free-Flap Blood Perfusion Monitoring

In the dynamic landscape of reconstructive surgery, the demand for real-time monitoring systems has become increasingly pronounced. In particular, free-flap procedures, where the vitality of the transferred flap depends on a stable blood supply, have witnessed an increase in the use of such systems. However, traditional monitoring techniques often cannot provide the level of precision and immediacy required to address perfusion issues promptly. Hence, this study developed a real-time ultrasound imaging system using a patch-type ultrasound probe for postoperative monitoring. A miniaturized, patch-type 9.7-MHz, 96-element linear array probe mounted in the housing with a flexible surface was proposed. Consequently, 2-D, color Doppler, and spectral Doppler modes were developed for continuous and real-time monitoring of blood flow in the flap. Preclinical evaluation with a mini-pig perforator flap model exhibited successful blood flow monitoring for 24 h. The proposed continuous ultrasound blood flow monitoring is expected to be efficient, thereby enhancing precision, reducing complications, and improving patient outcomes in reconstructive surgery.